Surface-Enhanced Raman Analysis of Uric Acid and Hypoxanthine Analysis in Fractionated Bodily Fluids
In recent years, the disease burden of hyperuricemia has been increasing, especially in high-income countries and the economically developing world with a Western lifestyle. Abnormal levels of uric acid and hypoxanthine are associated with many diseases, and therefore, to demonstrate improved methods of uric acid and hypoxanthine detection, three different bodily fluids were analysed using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Gold nanostar suspensions were mixed with series dilutions of uric acid and hypoxanthine, 3 kDa centrifugally filtered human blood serum, urine and saliva. The results show that gold nanostars enable the quantitative detection of the concentration of uric acid and hypoxanthine in the range 5–50 μg/mL and 50–250 ng/mL, respectively. The peak areas of HPLC and maximum peak intensity of SERS have strongly correlated, notably with the peaks of uric acid and hypoxanthine at 1000 and 640 cm−1, respectively. The r2 is 0.975 and 0.959 for uric acid and hypoxanthine, respectively. Each of the three body fluids has a number of spectral features in common with uric acid and hypoxanthine. The large overlap of the spectral bands of the SERS of uric acid against three body fluids at spectra peaks were at 442, 712, 802, 1000, 1086, 1206, 1343, 1436 and 1560 cm−1. The features at 560, 640, 803, 1206, 1290 and 1620 cm−1 from hypoxanthine were common to serum, saliva and urine. There is no statistical difference between HPLC and SERS for determination of the concentration of uric acid and hypoxanthine (p textgreater 0.05). For clinical applications, 3 kDa centrifugal filtration followed by SERS can be used for uric acid and hypoxanthine screening is, which can be used to reveal the subtle abnormalities enhancing the great potential of vibrational spectroscopy as an analytical tool. Our work supports the hypnosis that it is possible to obtain the specific concentration of uric acid and hypoxanthine by comparing the SER signals of serum, saliva and urine. In the future, the analysis of other biofluids can be employed to detect biomarkers for the diagnosis of systemic pathologies.
Citação
@online{furong2023,
author = {Furong , Tian and Luis Felipe Das Chagas E Silva De ,
Carvalho and Alan , Casey and Marcelo Saito , Nogueira and Hugh J. ,
Byrne},
title = {Surface-Enhanced Raman Analysis of Uric Acid and Hypoxanthine
Analysis in Fractionated Bodily Fluids},
volume = {13},
number = {7},
date = {2023-03-29},
doi = {10.3390/nano13071216},
langid = {pt-BR},
abstract = {In recent years, the disease burden of hyperuricemia has
been increasing, especially in high-income countries and the
economically developing world with a Western lifestyle. Abnormal
levels of uric acid and hypoxanthine are associated with many
diseases, and therefore, to demonstrate improved methods of uric
acid and hypoxanthine detection, three different bodily fluids were
analysed using surface-enhanced Raman spectroscopy (SERS) and
high-performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). Gold nanostar
suspensions were mixed with series dilutions of uric acid and
hypoxanthine, 3 kDa centrifugally filtered human blood serum, urine
and saliva. The results show that gold nanostars enable the
quantitative detection of the concentration of uric acid and
hypoxanthine in the range 5–50 μg/mL and 50–250 ng/mL, respectively.
The peak areas of HPLC and maximum peak intensity of SERS have
strongly correlated, notably with the peaks of uric acid and
hypoxanthine at 1000 and 640 cm−1, respectively. The r2 is 0.975 and
0.959 for uric acid and hypoxanthine, respectively. Each of the
three body fluids has a number of spectral features in common with
uric acid and hypoxanthine. The large overlap of the spectral bands
of the SERS of uric acid against three body fluids at spectra peaks
were at 442, 712, 802, 1000, 1086, 1206, 1343, 1436 and 1560 cm−1.
The features at 560, 640, 803, 1206, 1290 and 1620 cm−1 from
hypoxanthine were common to serum, saliva and urine. There is no
statistical difference between HPLC and SERS for determination of
the concentration of uric acid and hypoxanthine (p textgreater
0.05). For clinical applications, 3 kDa centrifugal filtration
followed by SERS can be used for uric acid and hypoxanthine
screening is, which can be used to reveal the subtle abnormalities
enhancing the great potential of vibrational spectroscopy as an
analytical tool. Our work supports the hypnosis that it is possible
to obtain the specific concentration of uric acid and hypoxanthine
by comparing the SER signals of serum, saliva and urine. In the
future, the analysis of other biofluids can be employed to detect
biomarkers for the diagnosis of systemic pathologies.}
}